![]() ![]() Some attacks may be less than five minutes in duration. ![]() ![]() They carry on conversations and can continue with activities such as getting dressed, walking, or even playing a game of golf. In most cases, however, the person responds appropriately to the situation they are in. Observers may, however, notice some pallor of the skin, a brief 'loss of contact' such as not seeming to be aware of the person witnessing the attack, or some automatic movements such as swallowing, lip-smacking or fidgeting of the hands. The physical appearance of the person is normally unchanged. There is, however, no loss of personal identity, and close friends or relatives are usually recognised. Also, the individual often finds it difficult to retain new information and may ask the same question, such as "What day is it?" or "What are we supposed to be doing today?" repetitively. Sometimes, the memory loss may affect events from much further back in the past. The website of the UK-based organization The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy (TIME) describes an attack this way: ĭuring an attack, the person is usually unable to remember things that have happened over the past days or weeks. In half the cases reported, behavior includes repetitive questioning to attempt to orient experience as the brain fails to lay down new memories or recall a range of recent experiences. Frequently, however, there is no warning.ĭuring the attack the person's cognitive functions are not generally impaired perception, communication, attention are normal for most of the duration of the event. A quarter of attacks involve a brief period of unresponsiveness. Somewhat less than half the cases include olfactory or gustatory hallucinations, and slightly more than a third involve motor automatisms. In attacks that begin when an individual is fully alert, olfactory hallucinations or a "strange taste" or nausea have been reported. Three-fourths of cases are reported upon awakening. Some people report short-lived retrograde amnesia so deep that they do not recognize their home or family members, though personal identity is preserved. Symptoms Ī person experiencing a TEA episode has very little short-term memory, so that there is profound difficulty remembering events in the past few minutes ( anterograde amnesia), or of events in the hours before the onset of the attack, and even memories of important events in recent years may not be accessible during the amnestic event ( retrograde amnesia). Though descriptions of the condition are based on fewer than 100 cases published in the medical literature, and the largest single study to date included 50 people with TEA, TEA offers considerable theoretical significance as competing theories of human memory attempt to reconcile its implications. In this review we focus on the phenotypes and genotypes of children with FXSD.Transient epileptic amnesia ( TEA) is a rare but probably underdiagnosed neurological condition which manifests as relatively brief and generally recurring episodes of amnesia caused by underlying temporal lobe epilepsy. Therefore the term "Fragile X Spectrum Disorder" (FXSD) should be used to include the wide range of overlapping phenotypes observed in affected individuals with FMR1 mutations. Some premutation carriers can have a deficit of FMRP and some unmethylated full mutation individuals can have elevated FMR1 mRNA that is considered a premutation problem. The premutation can also cause developmental problems including ASD and ADHD especially in boys and psychopathology including anxiety and depression in children and adults. FMR1 mutations account for a variety of phenotypes including the most common monogenetic cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism (FXS), the most common genetic form of ovarian failure, the fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, premutation) and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, premutation). Premutation carriers are common in the general population with approximately 1 in 130-250 females and 1 in 250-810 males, whereas the full mutation and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) occur in approximately 1 in 4000 to 1 in 7000. The normal allele of the FMR1 gene typically has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region abnormal alleles of dynamic mutations include the full mutation (> 200 CGG repeats), premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) and the gray zone mutation (45-54 CGG repeats). The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene ( FMR1), which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein (FMRP), is located at Xp27.3. ![]()
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